Third, why economics can be knowledge to make money, not economics, we learn Shakespeare's Shylock, calculated only know that people all day long. not. You have to tell other professional students, who see an economics do not be afraid. we learned the economy science, a very wide range, we speak of efficiency, it is the premise of a given target efficiency is the primary goal of identifying the problem. Therefore, we studied economics, should know how to love and know how emotional and more know how to romance. because we understand the true meaning of efficiency, we should do in these situations better than others. In short, the scope of economics, as I just said, and people on almost all of these behaviors can include inside. Economics is about choice behavior of human knowledge, first of all, love is a choice of course, we all know that Beethoven had a famous poem: . , religious, ah, ah law, which can be used to analyze economics.
this tendency, in fact, 60 years from the last century began, that is, we just talk to Becker as a representative of a group of economics home where to start, and now has more to gain acceptance of the In 1992, Becker won the Nobel Economics Prize, the Nobel Prize in Economics two years ago and awarded to the behavioral economists Daniel Kahneman and Vernon L. Smith. these I personally think that the future development represents the cutting edge of economics in one direction. Some people called this evidence of now penetrated into traditional areas of other disciplines. obviously could have been the object of study of moral ethics, economics have to study; of love, could have been something of psychology, economics have to insert hand. the laws, have to insert in economics. I personally believe that the imperialist tendencies of economics is there. but it exists, is not to say economists or economic ambitions, but that with the economics of their own logic and we just to be separated from the definition of economics. Economics is the study of the efficiency of science, starting from the efficiency and economics of all aspects of human behavior can be can be involved. Today, I talk about the third question, that is, we need to give talk say, why economics can become convincing, so that people can believe you. in many areas of social sciences, economics is the inviolate status has been set up. For example, in legal circles, starting from Posner to establish a ; since the economic analysis is already present jurisprudence, jurisprudence, the basic idea of the analysis, the law is to consider its efficiency, the efficiency of the legislation how efficient the implementation of the law where? If a law of social development is not efficient, the existence of this law into question. In legal circles, the status of economic analysis has been firmly established again. In other areas, the economics of ideas has gradually been accepted. of course In many places, economic analysis has also been the traditional disciplines of the boycott. It was always complaining about: how you so overbearing ah Economics. However, I think, economic imperialism, why? Economics Why can so invincible it? The key is that economics is the study of efficiency. So why can study the efficiency of so many areas of social sciences produce such results? on this issue, I am going to tell you a few.
First, life the nature of existence is the efficiency. we all know, the Way of the world of sports. The world that is inorganic world. inorganic world movement is a process of energy release. We all know that, according to the Big Bang theory, the energy build up in later, there is a natural release process. With the constant release of energy, heat death tells us that the whole universe will slowly cool and eventually the doldrums. This is the Heat Death of images depicting the inorganic world, as the temperature declining, increasing entropy. This is the process of the physical world, then what is the process of life? not the same as the process of life, life is movement there is, of course, but life movement, attention, and it and the inorganic world, the movement, on the contrary . life movement, we must first have an energy aggregation process, life if you do not replenish their energy, and how can I exercise? There are many theories, including self-organization theory, including the super-cycle and open systems theory, these theories, the study The results have put forward a concept of negative entropy. life course, is the Heat Death of the world and inorganic phase reverse process of the movement. the physical world is gradually from the original non-organized organization, entropy is constantly increasing. and the life course, something no organization can become organized, so that the negative entropy increase. The two happen to be action and reaction, if not two poles of this contradiction, the universe itself would not exist. So we see, and life movement First, the aggregation process have an energy, then there is an energy consumption process. Given the aggregation process and the energy consumption of the process, everyone can imagine, this is the physical world from the beginning of a given energy consumption, to completely the same, can not compare. This means that when it comes to the essence of life, the movement of life, and there would certainly have an efficiency. How aggregation energy of life? together how to effectively use the energy to go out? These have an efficiency problems. Therefore, the essence of life is inseparable from efficiency. on all aspects of life, we were able to get the efficiency of the shadow.
second point, I must say that the nature of the evolution of life is also efficient. We are all that Darwin's theory of evolution. Darwin's theory of evolution say that evolution is natural selection. I now have a new view on this. In economics, there is a cutting-edge discipline, called the evolution of economics or evolutionary economics is the theory of evolution and economics together. I have concluded on the evolutionary economics a basic law. This most basic laws? That is to say: evolution is the choice of environment on the efficiency. Darwin talk about a natural choice, but, naturally What choose? Darwin did not say. I now give the evolution of the first law of economics is that evolution is the choice of environment on the efficiency. What choice? choice is not aimless dropped in, select the first step is to a mutation, that is, people may have this behavior, it may not have this behavior. As we said earlier, the initial behavior of some people, such as men's efforts to reach Ye Hao, Ye Hao single-mindedness, which are may be accidental, but the coincidence is necessary for the evolution. The key is efficiency. reproductive ability, reproductive characteristics of the high rate of human behavior, to be selected out, because of surface step by step to start to spread further. Therefore, the so-called natural selection, the choice of the so-called environment of efficiency, is an efficient, high fitness behavior patterns gradually spread process. I do not cite here the example of economics to give an example of a purely biological, This example show that we are talking about the importance of efficiency in biology. we all know, we can now see that the vast majority of biological, including human is aerobic respiration. Our people, including more than 99% of the biological, have no means to leave the oxygen to survive. But is it biological from the start so? actually 40 billion years ago, when life has just created the earth, all creatures are anaerobic, in fact, the atmosphere at that time also there is no oxygen. anaerobic organisms, it is energy conservation, energy transformation is accomplished by fermentation, that is, the process by fermentation of glucose can be converted into ATP, ATP is stored, including humans, the energy of a biological cell . We have to note that one mole of glucose by anaerobic respiration, through fermentation, turned-ATP, only two. energy efficiency only about 3% efficiency is very low. On the other hand, a If the mole of glucose to produce ATP through oxidation, it can produce 36 ATP. 18-fold difference in efficiency between the two. suppose that in an environment under the same, and now there is a biological, the same use of glucose, but it is aerobic respiration, and that its efficiency is improved 18 times, no doubt, in the given conditions, it is definitely higher reproductive rate. This is what we see today, the overwhelming majority of aerobic biological biological reasons. and anaerobic respiration anaerobic organisms, it may in the long process of evolution has long been eliminated. Of course, this does not mean that biology is now completely free of oxygen, and in very harsh environments, such as In the depths of the ocean, bottom of the glacier, where almost no oxygen, there may be some of the anaerobic biological existence. However, as long as the place of oxygen, most of them are Youyang creatures.
that is efficient to stay under a trace, which is the environment on the efficiency of selection. just in terms of this example is from the bio, in fact, if we human beings is concerned, as well. the human behavior of today's many features, including just about the emotional characteristics, including the person's sense of morality, and so many philosophies, ethics seem mysterious things, in fact, the process of biological evolution are useful for long-term, the competition is very efficient thing. such as morality, Today, no time to start speaking out, we can see on my site, with lots of this article.
moral of this thing, the key is what? critical is the need for cooperation between people. We know that people If you are starting from their own reason, everyone is thinking only of their own reason, cooperation is often not successful. If you study game theory, you know, modern game theory, among them, a very famous model, called the prisoner difficulties. Although this model prisoner named, but it has a very typical modern life meaning. Prisoner's Dilemma model is about two prisoners, was captured and was imprisoned separately, the situation they face is this: for any prisoners, if the other prisoners confess, but he did not confess they deny, due to Frankly, the two people are in prison for 2 years. If another prisoner denied, and his own confession, then he can be released immediately, and the other prisoners in jail for 10 years; denied if another prisoner, he also denied, then the inability to convicted, the two only by the light punishment, the prison for 3 months. Prisoner's Dilemma in the social sciences, especially in economics, which has very important implications. First of all economics assumes that people are rational and pursue their own utility maximization, maximize their own interests, but in the pursuit of maximizing their own utility in the process to the emergence of a problem. you most when pursuing their own interests, of course, you want the best people do not confess, no two people things, but now the problem is that you are a separate prison, the information not pass, if I insist on not confess, but confessed to each other but all of a sudden, I can pour a large mold, and I want to sit 10 years in prison, the other is can be released immediately, this is a great temptation on the other side. Game Theory is to tell us that in this game, Nash equilibrium is two people to confess. should also be said that from rationality, the optimal strategy for each person are is, whether the other party is honest or not honest, be honest themselves. you first confess frankly if the other party, then we are the same, subject to some minor punishment; If the person is a fool, you first confessed to the other party is not honest , you've got a great deal.
the game theory model, we put it deep into the social life, in fact, how the study of human cooperation. two people cooperate or not cooperate? If you are very pious, a sincere expression of the entire mind, to make many sacrifices, and I ride, I do not make any effort, I sit back and enjoy. This way, your loss is particularly large, but I was able to take advantage of in the middle. It is a situation. There is another situation, I know I worked out you could take advantage of me, then simply we do not cooperate. you know, in the Prisoner's Dilemma in the same situation which, if we cooperate, all of us to improve the overall situation is great benefits. But game theory tells us, from individual rationality, the two sides cooperate, is a Nash equilibrium. game theory put forward substantial evidence, are that deal with such situations, rational choice is all uncooperative. The prisoner's dilemma model of the challenges of economics where? we all know, there are several assumptions of economics, one of them, has repeatedly talked about earlier, is the assumption that rational people, who are seeking to maximize their own utility. There is another assumption that Pareto efficiency. means that there is a better position than the former situation, then this is a Pareto improvement, which is efficient. But you have not seen in prisoners difficulties among the economics of these two assumptions have inevitably fallen into full conflict. we are from a rational point of view, the pursuit of its biggest utility, according to Nash equilibrium and concluded that the two sides cooperate. However, we are know that if we cooperate, the result is much better than the two sides cooperate. So why not cooperate? The key is if you cooperate, the other co-operative how to do? rational people seek to maximize their own interests, your cooperation I'll cooperate, I can account for a large cheap. this way, who dare not cooperate. So, in the prisoner's dilemma among the model, the two assumptions of economics, namely rational assumptions and Pareto efficiency assumes complete conflict up. from individual rationality, not two people derive Pareto optimal.
I am the last three to four years to study this problem. At first, I spent a lot of mathematical methods, trying to overthrow of the Nash equilibrium. is not there another solution? but it takes a lot a lot of effort, there is no way to be successful. last couple of years, I have a new idea. in accordance with the famous German philosopher, Wittgenstein's argument, Among the world is no longer the world, and in the outside world. I realize that requires the cooperation of the prisoner's dilemma solution, it is possible prisoner's dilemma which is not the solution, while outside in the prisoner's dilemma. In comprehend this idea, I find a way to solve the Prisoner's Dilemma. I was up from the common sense to consider the prisoner's dilemma, if have a solution, then there are two prerequisites needed. The first precondition is that when I want and the other co-operation, I After knowing each other will pit me, I still hesitate to cooperate with him. This is the first step to go. If you care about in there: I have worked together, you might pit me, I do not work with you, and that is never cooperation is not up, then back to the original that the Nash equilibrium, and non-cooperation is non-cooperation. First of all who dare to have a cooperative, even though I know you want to hurt me, I still have to hesitate to come and work with you. Nobel Peace Prize winner Mother Theresa once said, step. The second step, the second step in order to break the prisoner's dilemma is that when the other party has said cooperation, and I knew if I cooperate, I can get a great return, I dare to reject this temptation, and resolutely cooperate with him. Yes, the only two conditions are met, we can cooperate. just from a rational perspective, it can not cooperate.
That is to say, to break the prisoner's dilemma, one must have a feeling . this feeling is, in fact, that we speak for thousands of years of love, kindness, compassion, conscience. these things would have looked very unreal, romantic feeling seems to be appearing in the love stories. But , we put them back to an evolutionary perspective, these are the efficiency of process is linked with. Now we take this love, this compassion back to look at the process of evolution. Why would these things out? Because human needs cooperation. I imagine the initial conditions for breaking the prisoner's dilemma, not in the prisoner's dilemma among them, but in some different from the prisoner's dilemma game to get. We have to change as long as the proceeds of which look, you will see that if both sides cooperate, then the loss of both will be very high; if bilateral cooperation, the two sides will be very large gains. Modern society does have such a possibility, if you cooperate, and I'm not cooperate, I can account for a lot cheaper. If we really think a lot of history that from happening, a lot of people do, but his fitness was improved, then this behavior would be genetic continue. But we must remember that we early human, there is another situation. In early human, a large number of cases appears more likely is this: I am co-operation, you can not cooperate, but I'm sorry, you escape, you can not get any benefits. play an example, just returned from a tree when the human Zuxian Gang went down on land when the predators become more, and fewer varieties of food, had to rely on food to be collected to sustain life, and now I can not. mankind must expand the sources of food, that must eat meat, have to go hunt. But then, in most cases under a single person can not play man these wild beasts, they are like the mammoth beast, not a single person eaten by them is good luck. this time, of course you can still rely on stealing, but you rely on a steal, which means the two of you all to be finished. In this case, we can assume that only two co- people, two duty-bound to cooperate, they can survive. so that we can see that the ancestors of humans, especially in the case of a very difficult, due to the cooperation must be no turning back, and not care about personal interests, they must be caring and other good things. In today's perspective, perhaps compassion, good things are very vague thing, but in human ancestors, which are directly related with the existence of things . After millions of years of arduous environments such evolution, compassion, and other good things, should also be part of the human behavioral tendencies, and today each of us, deep down are sympathetic, there is the intention of goodness is for this reason.
everyone compassionate, kind-hearted, but just how many different levels. is because of this kindness, compassion, be possible to break the prisoner's dilemma. This prisoner's dilemma has become solvable Its premise is to compassionate, to have charity. this way, we put the kindness, compassion, concept, re-do a lot to explain, rather than ethics, philosophy, as do a mystery, hangs in the air . We found a point of view of economics from the efficiency point of view to understand the way these concepts. Likewise, I also made some study of religion, concluded with the traditional ethics are quite different. we all know, Ancient China has a very famous pipe, then called the there will be moral. And according to my research, my conclusion is precisely the opposite. My conclusion is that under the more difficult environment, the human sense of morality is stronger. Why? since in that difficult Under occasions, if you take unethical practices, or uncooperative, then you are a dead end. only cooperation, and then you can survive. this situation, to make our human compassion and kindness can we humans have. to the environment and often better, I live on my own life, a person can be when people's selfishness but will increased recently. you can see from history, there are many intrigues in that situation, mankind Civilization has a certain foundation. was to ensure the cooperation of the people, you have to use religion to Zhuangshennonggui, by scaring people to maintain religious cohesion within this. If you say you everyone, you do what you , the whole race to lower the cohesion. So is this the role of religion, the people gather together. I have written an article titled efficiency of the hook to hang. Later economic and social development, and also to die alone Zhuangshennonggui, then on the development of rational human we all agree that a series of rules to form a system. In dealing with personal matters, you engage in individual rationality is Yes, but in the general interest, not because of your personal interests to the detriment of the interests of others. This requires the law to regulate, the law exists, but also for efficiency reasons.
Therefore, it is because evolution the choice of the environment for efficiency, have made it so rich in culture. all the religious, legal, institutional, in fact, evolution has a problem, efficiency. further to say that in the process of evolution of human society, the people themselves evolution and social evolution itself, is a synchronous process is a mutually reinforcing and feedback. This process is, in fact we often talk about human evolution, natural evolution, social evolution, the evolution of the environment, all reinforce each other. our original understanding of the theory of evolution is natural selection, adapt it exists, not suited to it die out. But now it seems not. life, evolution, evolution of their own, must interact with the environment. the formation of the early Earth's atmosphere, there is no oxygen, a large number of all carbon dioxide, at that time, the first life, such as green algae, cyanobacteria, their energy from the sun, the sun through photosynthesis to water and carbon dioxide through the synthesis of sugar were to stay alive. It is a chemical reaction, but a byproduct of this chemical reaction, which is oxygen. that is, photosynthesis produces oxygen, while out. Oxygen is not a result of deliberate life movement was only a by-product, a large number photosynthetic consumption of water and carbon dioxide. But, slowly, the air oxygen to multiply them, and such an environment for change, and this environment changes, and it is inseparable from the movement of life itself. There After enough oxygen, the chemical composition of the atmosphere irreversible changes have taken place, thus the formation of the ozone layer, which is sex. this time, may be entirely accidental, have a life, it began with oxygen to breathe, it uses oxidation to obtain ATP, this is the mutation, because the original creatures are to obtain energy by fermentation, and now it to obtain energy by oxidation of a sudden, while doing so, it is particularly efficient. efficiency is particularly high after its descendants to more and more, we see that most of Earth creatures are aerobic respiration. aerobic This itself is a product of the evolution of life, and then it evolved to life impact on the environment.
As human beings, the environment has a greater impact on the. because as a senior biological characters have well-developed mind. human and animals, the largest difference is that the developed part of the brain. development of the brain is how come? It is the result of the evolution of the brain itself, but also during the evolution of human society in turn requires the brain to produce new results. the larger brain size , the more things you know, the more stimulating effect, and finally the brain more developed, more developed brain, the radius of the social activities began to spread a little further. all of which there are a lot of evolutionary economics is depth of, for example: the brain cells of early human activity capacity and what relationship between the radius? So, between human society and human, is a symbiotic relationship between the evolution.
so that we can now see that today Why economics can become Therefore, the field of social sciences are able to use economics, used to describe the dimensions of efficiency. I say here is that the efficiency of this dimension, this does not mean that economics can be many other disciplines can replace. Philosophy family, social scientists can still study from their own dimension in all aspects of society and the world. We Economics can also be from efficiency to study the ethical dimensions of issues, emotional issues, ethical issues, it is entirely possible. This Economics is a root cause of imperialism, which is tonight, I want to give you a broad description of the blueprint of economics. Of course, the next 4 years of study in the process, I have just mentioned of these, of which 90% content, you may not have access to. textbook talked about I did not say exactly what that part is economics, that part of material wealth. tonight I did not speak textbooks that talk about 90% One is that you do not want a misunderstanding of economics, the second you do not want to be misunderstood, was that out of the Department of Economics, I know that money. You can tell he explained, far more than those of economics, human behavior in Most of economics can study. So, you have such a comprehensive understanding of economics, 4 years of your life, learning not to be able to maintain self-confidence, especially in the experimental class students, then you learning is bitter. and I hope you doing in-depth, professional training, while the economics Coban, to always remember that the outside world of economics is very broad and not confined to your eyes in the books Some small things on which the above. I do not particularly want to tell you that I have become the story of the man, a fried dough sticks to the old lady the money early in the morning knock on the door of a neighbor.
Well, I think I speak tonight, I give you is the content of these.
question one: I am a Chinese Department. I would like to ask, if I want to learn some economics courses, learn what is better?
leaves Airlines: It seems that there are many students today are not School of Economics. is not economics students want to learn economics, is a good thing. No matter what the future wish to engage in professional, I think the most basic economics are two the most basic courses, you must first learn, is a micro-economics, one is macroeconomics. This is the core of economic theory, the theory of building the foundation. On this basis, according to their own situation you , choose to learn other programs.
Second question: Do you talk about morality today is human cooperation. That is not to say that no matter what the circumstances people have to cooperate? sometimes clearly do not need cooperation.
Ye Hang: That does not mean that. is not the case for cooperation have certain co-operation. I want to tell you, this is why the prisoner's dilemma theorists in economics will cause great shock, and inspire a lot of controversy. because prisoner's dilemma in this game, according to Nash equilibrium, only a way to cooperate. But we see today, this community is, there are still a lot of cooperation. cooperation is how did it? I have just said, we must first explain cooperation is how to produce. particularly in the Prisoner's Dilemma game situation which, it is difficult to cooperate. So how can such cooperation is generated? I'll see it on the source. In human society source, if each individual can pick the fruit on the ground leaning against the will survive, and that working together may not need. The question is, under the circumstances at the time, human ancestors may face a more hostile environment. At that time, may No 3,5 individuals (in fact, according to anthropological research, in which case the bottom, the smallest of the original population should be 6 people) together, is impossible to survive. the face of a mammoth, if less than 6 people , it is not human hunting mammoths, but rather a question of mammoth hunters. as is necessary to have cooperation. And we know that the human society entered the period of civilization is only a few thousand years, and humanity must be cooperation in this circumstances of life millions of years time or even thousands of years.
so many psychological characteristics today are in the process of the formation of a long period of evolution. Now, in psychology, among them, a very cutting edge subject, called evolutionary psychology, or called evolutionary psychology, it is considered one of the psychological characteristics, behavioral characteristics of the time, they put up to consider a specific scenario, and to this scenario, moved up view of history. is said that the history of what we human beings have faced the environment, would lead to this kind of psychological situation. This approach is to psychology, economics, anthropology, combining a crossover study. I just love talking about human beings and other Many characteristics of human behavior, in fact, in evolution for a reason. It is because of the evolutionary history of long-term cooperation, we humans will be capable of compassion, kindness. This is what I talk about the meaning of cooperation, not to say In any situation, even if there is no need to go to cooperation of non-cooperation.
Question Three: I would like to ask, in how to choose between love and be loved?
Ye Hang: Can you ask this question specific point? What kind of love and be loved can not have both, is how a situation? hh I think, for girls, the choice may be better loved it.
question four: I would like to ask the public ownership in China Why did not the efficiency of the economy? public resources are occupied what is the reason? land has been taken serious note of what?
Ye Hang: You ask the question are very professional. you ask each question can be answered on for a long time, no time to start today. If you really are interested and could afford the time, then can go to the Yuquan campus Monday night, the Education Room 3-301, I'm open to graduate school, practice economics to explain these phenomena?
Ye Hang: This is a good question. parents arranged marriage, including married, so some of the concepts and practices of Chinese feudal society in the long term, in fact, not only in China, the Middle Ages in the West, are very common. Such models were later development of human society is basically to deny out. but it itself, at the time of the environment, including factors that are efficient. In the limited scope of human interaction traffic to pass very slowly, the information asymmetry the situation is very serious. In the Middle Ages, feudal society in China, information is developed, which means that the human is very difficult to understand one thing. At the same ...
No comments:
Post a Comment