Vegetarian food and the relationship between evolution is the only way for mankind's future evolution
(2009.10.16)
of: Hou Yamei HU
Editor's Note: Sometimes, some in the scientific community will not form a conclusive inference in the public be spread as truth. basis. Houya Mei is the author of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Fellow, in the U.S. and cause an international sensation, prompting Asian archaeological research had to re-evaluate the origin of human civilization, in 2004 she won the national thank the authors of articles, reprint, and author or quote please contact us.
2009 年 2 month is the 200th anniversary of Darwin's birth, he is perhaps the most influential scientists in modern times.
2009 年 2 months is Darwin's 200th anniversary He is perhaps the most influential scientists in modern times. And in November 2009 is the history of one of the most influential book and wisdom have greatly influenced the humanities. In the two centuries of time, not a scientist, science, politics, religion, philosophy and art of comparison with Darwin. Darwin's love contains all the animals. He said: 1). unparalleled importance. out of respect for animal life and love, Darwin himself was a vegetarian. but many nutritionists perspectives in the diet did not agree Darwin, they sought to prehistoric archaeological find from the evolution of life Some meat for their own point of view of nutrition to provide evidence of the facts. as the United States Carolyn. M. Pound in his book, Dr. the cranial cavity quickly match big time. Many anthropologists believe that this relationship is a causal relationship, a direct result of the intellectual meat to improve, thus paving the way for modern people evolved. So, from the prehistoric to the present , meat is for us humans, has been a more valuable food. A basic nutrients, which are difficult to vegetarian nutrition intake. . This sensational claim make any attempt to prepare people to become vegetarians discouraged, and a person like to eat meat, then read this will believe that vegetarianism is more masochistic freak, but more believe that eating meat contributes to human evolution. However, if for a more in-depth analysis, we can see that this view is no scientific basis. let's make some detailed analysis.
the evolution of life on this planet is our most important and most complex event, the scientific community has a certain understanding of this and have to give a general block diagram of biological evolution, but based on these limited facts and draw conclusions still need to be very careful, because there are too many facts and more The mechanism is not known deeply. like Carolyn. M. Dr. Pound as archaeological or anthropological based solely on individual theses made arbitrary conclusions unconvincing. In addition to pure mathematics than in science study because of the limitations of scientific instruments, the limitations of human life itself, and scientists and so one-sided a priori concepts, we can not overcome the piece of a jigsaw of the phenomenon, only through the gradual improvement of equipment, improvement, a little bit to expand our horizons , so that further studies. philosopher of science Karl Popper in his famous book boundaries between the standard) is not verifiable, but of falsifiability, in other words, I do not require a scientific system to once and for all in the positive sense, to be selected out; I demand it has such a logical form, it can With the negative sense, was selected out of the experience: an empirical experience of the scientific system must be refuted. need to do a variety of dialectical analysis point of view, granted only after thorough inquiry the more correct conclusion. This paper attempts to analyze the relationship between food and evolution, such as human life and further evolution towards a higher offer some dietary advice.
good science can not do without the spiritual guidance of Humanities, the problem in the study of human evolution, if the left can easily draw the moral guidance of absurd conclusions. The first part of this paper is purely scientific evidence, the latter part of the reference to the French philosopher, theologian, paleontologists, geologists, Teilhard de Chardin's theory of evolution point of view, the future of mankind and some of a reasonable diet.
more objective to draw the right conclusions. Here We list some of the range of views related to this some more in-depth analysis, see science on the evolution of the relationship between meat and how the conclusions in the end.
First, we briefly outline some of the relevant aspects of human evolution, a fact recognized.
according to anthropologists, human evolution can be divided into the following phases (the following text in anthropology from the AGB. Ya. Luojinsiji, Ma. cell. out justice with the Higher Education Press, Soviet Union, revised edition 1978, translated):
human precursor (Australopithecus) era, from arboreal ancestors Australopithecus get the important genetic characteristics is the ability to use hand and the cerebral cortex of objects the corresponding section. in living habits, and their ancestors, Australopithecus had won another very important feature is the highly developed social nature. Australopithecus first hand should have as social animals and those animals with the ability to They have the ability to find and use tools, but do not have the conscious ability to make tools. As the old, the food structure of Australopithecus detailed archaeological excavations from the field, the fact is difficult to extrapolate, we can only infer roughly south of the ancient apes may be omnivores. But according to Americans George. Sall down to study gorillas in the natural conditions of life and conduct Jane books and the British scientists. 坦桑尼亚坦 Goodall in Lake Tanganyika off the east coast of Nigeria the research work on chimpanzees, We can know something about the details of orangutan diet to make up for lack of archeology. based on the observation of these modern zoologists, the 179 mountain gorillas, about half the nests on the ground, while the chimpanzee nests are usually built trees; gorillas are peaceful animals, chimps are often offensive; gorillas to eat the plants entirely (which consume about 29 kinds of food), while chimpanzees are often predatory, the object of its prey are colobus monkeys, baboons small , red-tailed monkeys and blue long-tailed monkey; gorillas, chimpanzees and Australopithecus have anything to do?
Homo erectus, that is ancient. Its most important feature is to consciously make tools, the most ancient One important tool is the hand ax. archaeologists believe that the era of the hand ax relics main use is to play most of their shape and weight functions, both for rough cutting and chopping; these effects are two purposes: (1) manufacturing stick with the original wood with sharp tools, such as wooden spears; (2) for the decomposition of the bodies of animals have been killed, and take the skull knocking marrow and other animals. So Homo erectus is also omnivores. Homo erectus brain volume the brain than the apes have increased substantially (increased from 435-650 cc 800-1225 cc). the United States Carolyn. M. Pound in his book, Dr. ; turn carnivorous time coincided with the hominid fossil cranial cavity increased rapidly to coincide . For the ancient culture, we can Mousterian site of a large number of tools to judge the excavation, Mousterian tools are characterized by a more sophisticated processing, regular, shape is more diverse. appeared simple bone products. According to the Mo Manchester sites widely distributed fire, burned bones, ash heap of ruins appears, can infer that Neanderthals already have the ability to make fire with fire. So from Neanderthal times, humans began to cooked food, Neanderthals are also omnivores. Neanderthal brain volume than Homo erectus, the brain not only greater but also significantly changed the structure, such as the absolute height of intracranial model and relative height (mainly in the parietal area) increases and so on. It was to conclude the importance of the evolution of cooked food on the brain.
modern or new age do not need to say more.
according to the archaeologists of ancient humans (or erectus) made the function of stone hand ax infer ancient humans to eat meat, this conclusion may be reasonable to a certain extent. But the further inference to eat meat if the necessary conditions of human evolution would be a problem. based on a famous anthropologist, Wu RK's introduction on the origin of hominid evolution of Darwin's theory for a variety of assumptions (3). One of the most famous Consider:
(1) the assumption that meat
Dart (Raymond A. Dart) and 1924 Taung, South Africa (Taung) is about six children found the fossil skull, his teeth like a man, and a small head, broad face, known as Australopithecus. then in other parts of South Africa, found more of the South Australopithecus fossils and a large number of broken animal bones. Dart that these members of small bones to the cave of human subjects, they shatter the bones as tools and weapons. He said that the use of animal bones as early as weapons. He said that bone, teeth and bone fragments angle gear angle Culture (Osterodontokeratic culture), which caused much controversy. Australopithecus Dart explain some of the broken skull and frontal attack because of his accomplices. human evolution is due to increasingly rely on the weapons used for hunting to get meat. A prehistoric weapon competition to promote the development of the brain, which evolved into modern apes have a brutal murder by the tendency. Dart, this interpretation of the scholars in the human are not many people believe, but the origin of man meat on how much effect on what the behavior of human impact, remains to be further studied.
(2) the assumption of herbivorous
Jolly (CJ Jolly) Branch members who made the adaptation of early macaque class like lion-tailed macaque (Theropithecus). He saw the lion-tailed macaque and the more widespread baboons (Papio) is the difference just as the early hominid and ape differences. has this whether the species difference is due to open areas of semi-arid grass seed collection and consumption of food is a special adaptation. lion-tailed macaque bone after the head posture due to sitting for a long time collecting seeds in the spine on its head often the location of the more vertical than baboons. This posture produces the vertical angle of the trunk, will help the formation of upright walking.
As for the chewing ability is strong, it is a lot of the characteristics of mammals do not eat seeds, while the thin the tree is not just food on the prairie grass seeds, roots and tubers may also be members of early human hominid important source of food. lion-tailed macaque is not with the toes dug roots, stems, and officers of early human chimpanzee-like sticks are easy to obtain these foods.
(3) the assumption
otherwise omnivorous two assumptions of California, Berkeley, Hua Shen Boen (SL Washburn) chimpanzee model assumptions such as steppe and Tuttle (R . Tuttle) small ape hypothesis. these two hominid are omnivores. These two characteristics of hominid tools will be used to obtain and prepare plant food, but also hunt small animals.
from The anthropologist's classic about the causes of the hypothesis of human origins, we can at least draw the human origin of meat on the role of how much this conclusion is still not conclusive.
Field Archaeology and the scientific experiments conducted in the laboratory not the same, we can not put the history of human evolution into the laboratory repeated presentation to us, precisely because of this made in the field of archaeological theory in general can be called assumptions. Field Archaeology neither assumption axioms as the mathematical basis can guaranteed to be accurate inference, which is known as the theorem can not be like physics and chemistry in the laboratory after repeated observation, verification, and thus has been called the law. but we can infer from the indirect way it reasonable. of origin of meat how much human role, in particular the development of human intelligence how much or developmental disorders. It has evolved evidence. Taylor and other scientists compared the islands of Borneo and the Indonesian island of Sumatra, the orangutans live, found in northern Borneo orangutan populations living life as lack of resources, resulting in brain smaller amount. Taylor that the lack of resources will affect the growth of the brain also set up conclusions on human (4). vegetarian nutrition is comprehensive it? the answer to this question, we can look at the of nutrition? we can look professional book De Boshi that the . book Dr. Pound cited a case: let the children in poor areas of Africa eat 2 tablespoons of meat a day, they have a change in physical and intellectual .2 years later, these children's muscle development to accelerate , there is also a substantial increase in intelligence, but, they had a more lively, like talking, and often participate in activities. to demonstrate the importance of meat. This lack of rigorous scientific argument, because the United States Carolyn. M. Pond Dr. no attempt to give children in poor areas of Africa to eat with a reasonable vegetarian nutrition, and only these two cases, after a rigorous comparison of the conclusions it has a scientific significance.
another angle is to explore the animal's relative cerebral volume ( brain weight divided by body weight) how the relationship with food. University of California scholar Georg F. Striedter in his monograph on the evolution of the brain, In the food and the relationship between relative brain weight, there are many studies. For example, in bats, the bats eat the insects eat meat or vampire than fruit or flowers or eat the small amount of bat brain (7), while the Spirit insectivorous animals in the long fresh fruit and fresh leaf analogy generally the larger brain volume (Clutton-Brock and Harvey, 1980). Further, with the filtering (filter-feeding) feeding the sharks and whales way than through the pursuit of whale shark predation and smaller brains. first look, the evidence seems to indicate that the relative brain volume and quality of food is closely related; But this conclusion contradicts the data with the bat, because the insects, flowers and fruit nutrition general nutrition than better. flowers and fruits of the lack of protein, but insects eating bats eat the fruit than the brain volume smaller brain volume. So a more reasonable assumption should be: hard to find those who eat relatively large population who eat the food is abundant small brain content of large populations of food. Even if this hypothesis is still inadequate because it did not take into account the parasitic class (for example, Sphenodon lamprey) or by an ambush predator (eg, salmon) Biological cerebellar volume. Therefore, authors propose a more precise assumption: the amount of animals with high brain tends to strategic predation, and the amount of predators who are the cerebellum by random luck. This such as Parker and Gibson, 1977) not only with the bats and the primates of the data match. because the fresh fruit must learn where to find fruit trees, know when it will mature fruit, etc. (Fleming, etc., 1977; Clutton-Brock and Harvey, 1988), the data also agree well with the birds, the brain developed (most encephalized) birds tend to use very complex, based on individual learning strategies to obtain food (Volman, etc., 1977; Clayton et al 2001). encourage brain growth. Similarly another study climate change and the relationship between brain size studies. Geary comparison of the reaction is difficult to hunting or gathering food in the original levels of biodiversity indicators and response to the population of the complexity of social interaction index and the correlation between brain size. Geary index analysis showed that the population is the best predictor of brain size, which means that our ancestors carried out in order to survive competition with the neighbors is to inspire the main reason for the growth of the brain (8). Geary's Research support from the side Georgf. Striedter the view of Professor.
brain size or brain weight ratio in the station (Brain-to-body mass ratio, or encephalization quotient or EQ) can only reflect the different populations of rough animal intellectual size. Generally between brain volume and weight of a proportional relationship. nineteenth century, Snell presented a relationship between body weight on the brain empirical formula:
E = C. Sr
where E is the brain weight, S is the weight, C is called Most mammals, the approximate value of r 0.66. As mentioned earlier archaeologists according to the ancient people (or erectus) made of stone axes infer the function of ancient human beings to eat meat, this conclusion may be justified. However, if further based on the ancient the human brain much more than the fact that gorillas brain volume to the simplistic assertion that ancient human brain volume increase is more than the gorilla eating meat, eating meat causes the brain to draw conclusions on the evolution of there is a problem. Otherwise, the tiger, the lion of these predators should have the largest brain to body ratio and wisdom. but that is not the case. Let us look at the table a variety of animals in the relationship between brain and body weight. Table ranked first in the monkeys are basically herbivores. mole's food is earthworms and other soil invertebrates live animals, who can be regarded as carnivorous. human and chimpanzee is omnivorous, but their physiological structure similar with the gorillas, which determines that they must mainly vegetarian. So to create a unified nomenclature system for vegetarians biological taxonomist Linnaeus Lecture: animals compared to fully display his vegetables and fruits is a natural food. This is a typical predator tiger brain body ratio than the typical vegetarian animals, goats, Asian elephants, gorillas, donkeys and kangaroos and other small; but the proportion of predators than wolves in the brain the body rabbits, goats, small, than sheep, donkeys, gorillas, elephants and kangaroos these vegetarian animals large. So not clear from this table on the brain development of meat has a unique advantage, but that mainly vegetarian omnivore may be good for the brain evolution. We've already pointed out that from the perspective of the modern vegetarian nutrition than meat. So omnivorous contribution of specific gravity of the brain can only be: in the case of bad weather plant food scarce, omnivorous animals than pure vegetarian animals can adapt to the harsh climate. such as Western Europe late Neanderthal survival times, there ice on the planet, had to hunt to obtain adequate nutrition necessary for survival.
form a body of several species of animals, the proportion of
animal brain weight (kg) brain weight (g) body ratio
Rhesus monkey brain monkeys 6.8 179 26.3235
Mole Mole 0.122 3 24.5902
Human person 62 1320 21.2903
Mouse Mouse 0.023 0.4 17.3913
Chimpanzee Chimpanzee 52.16 440 8.4356
Golden hamster golden hamster 0.12 1 8.3333
Cat Cat 3.3 25.6 7.7576
Guinea pig guinea 1.04 5.5 5.2885
Mountain beaver mountain beaver 1.35 2.5 5.037
Rabbit Rabbit 2.5 12.1 4.84
Goat Goat 27.66 115 4.1576
Grey wolf gray wolf 36.33 119.5 3.2893
Sheep Sheep 55.5 175 3.1532
Donkey donkey 187.1 419 2.2394
Gorilla gorilla 207 406 1.9614
Asian elephant Asian elephant 25,474,603 1.8072 < br> Kangaroo Kangaroo 35 56 1.6
Jaguar Jaguar 100 157 1.57
Giraffe Giraffe 529 680 1.2854
Horse Horse 521 655 1.2572
Pig Pig 192 180 0.9375
Cow Cattle 465 423 0.9097
African elephant African elephant 6654 5712 0.8584
Source: Jerison, HJ (1973) Evolution the brain and intelligence. Academic Press, New York.
In summary, the evolution of life is the greatest in the world event, but also the most complex events to promote the evolution of many factors, there are several theories to explain evolutionary mechanism. easy to guide the human evolution is more and more rely on the weapons used to kill to get the meat, a kind of arms race in prehistoric times to promote the development of the conclusions of the brain, so few people agree with the theory people are more agreeable to the theory of social collaboration, tool making to promote the theory of evolution. From the nutritional point of view, the superiority of vegetarian but more than the meat. from the animal brain body ratio and food relations, more supportive of a vegetarian diet as Lord help omnivorous larger proportion of brain volume assumptions. omnivorous helped early human ancestors mainly deal with adverse weather conditions, plant food shortage problems.
following Darwin's original words we use to make a conclusion for the above . side) we can not compared with the wild beasts or carnivorous animals. In terms of time and place can be sure there are many unknowns, but we can basically conclude that primitive people living in the true warmth of the fruit for a living environment, thus we can infer that humans should live such a life (11).
of human evolution over the relationship with food, only limited areas of natural science. In fact, if not included in the study of humanities areas, we can not answer very well on the planet evolution of life today, the future direction of how such a reasonable question. some scientific supremacists may not agree with this view, they may think that science must be absolutely pure, there can be no connotation of the humanities. This view is very dangerous , scientific, moral constraints if no human can become the devil. On this point, just looking at the Nazis during World War II fascist Germany and Japan to get 731 cases of living to do scientific experiments that can understand. From a medical point of view, Helenians a test animal than the experiment to take data from the more scientific of course, but from a moral point of view the way you can know that this will lead to inhuman contempt for people and even the destruction of mankind.
from the perspective of the humanities the human mind and human intelligence are closely related. I said before the body than the brain volume or brain does not accurately measure out of a population level of intelligence. But the same population, this indicator has obvious statistical significance. based on December 2005 26, Science Daily reported McMaster University researchers found that the larger the brain the higher intelligence. based on this we can infer that the human mind should be able to promote changes in the brain increased. science in this area began to have evidence. According to the 2006 January 27 Harvard University, Yale University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a research report (12), the researchers Sara Lazar and her colleagues found that meditation enables the brain become larger (13). This fulfilled an old saying in China : those of the brain. There is still engaged in daily meditation experience is work, but 40 minutes a day practicing yoga meditation, without meditation experience is just to relax. only 40 minutes of meditation on the brain and thinking about a region of gray matter tissue thickening, And more significantly older than the young, and this region is usually the case with age will become increasingly thin. the core of yoga meditation is to let our thoughts orderly chaos, becoming more and more quiet tranquility . confusion caused by our thoughts the most important reason is evolutionary significance should be more than food.
If early human evolution is a result of natural selection, the current high level of self-consciousness of mankind, the earth has been made absolute dominance, a highly developed science and the humanities natural scientific system, the future, whether humans should continue to follow the evolutionary trajectory of natural selection to move forward?
Teilhard de Chardin was a French philosopher, theologian, paleontologists, geologists, the Mingtaiyaer. Germany. Chardin, Teilhard de Chardin, Department of the Chinese name. for a long time in China, paleoanthropology, geology study. spent most of his life engaged in teaching and research in foreign countries. He is the one. He has a special interest in evolutionary problems. In his famous work include the spiritual, material, intellectual and physical and other aspects. from the basic material of the universe, through the complex process of evolution, the emergence of life and thought, given Germany and Japan into the organic synthesis. His departure from the archaeological discoveries, made a bold about the universe, biological, human, spiritual layer evolution point of view. He believes that the world is evolving, from matter to life, to human and spiritual, and finally to the unity among God, the mystery of Ga (omega) point (The Phenomenon of Man > In the past, there was little evolution of animals involved in ethical aspects, we think that only professionals have moral values. This view is wrong. based on May 25, 2009 Xinhua reported: Mark home. Bekoff traveled all over the world to observe the behavior of different animals to explore whether they have just, sympathy, mutual aid and other This is the root of moral always thought that humans and animals have no moral values. But more and more evidence that is not true. have compassion. South African elephant iron latch release in 2003, shaking the fold to open the entrance to help antelope to escape. yet another experiment, researchers put mice into two groups, each group of food to the first, second groups have to bear the pain of electric shock. Results The researchers found that the first group of rats would rather not eat food, do not want to partner an electric shock. researchers have trained Hanuman tokens into the vending machine purchases. There is a long capuchin monkeys because of their age is too large to put tokens dropped into the coin slots, the companion will pick it up off the ground, dropped into the vending machine tokens, the food sent to ...
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